Dimensioning and Surface Finish

Dimensioning

Linear Dimensioning

 

Angular Dimensioning

 

 

Chain-Parallel dimensioning
  

 

 Examples of chain and parallel dimensioning are shwon above.   The advantage of parallel dimensioning is that there is no build-up of tolerances. 

 Dimensioning a brokent feature. 

 

  

Dimensioning Diameters

 

 Dimensions of diameters are shown on view providing greatest clarity 

 Dimensioning Holes

Dimensioning Chamfers/Countersinks

Tolerances and Limits

Different methods of specifying tolerances

• Direct indication on Drawing
• Reference to general tolerance notes on drawing
• Reference to a standard containing tolerances
• Reference to another document

Examples of tolerance notes

 

 

Dimensioning of fits

 

 

Dimensioning of acceptable deviation of dimensions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Geometrical Tolerancing

Introduction

The notes below relate to use of geometric tolerances on drawing.  The notes are outline in nature to provide general guidance.  This subject is complex and it is wise to consult the standards and have a clear understanding of what is required when including geometric tolerances on technical drawings.  There are clear differences between ANSI Y14.5 and the above noted ISO standard.   The notes below do not address this difference or refer to the ANSI standard in any way.

Geometric Tolerances

Geometric tolerances specify the maximum variation that is allowed in form or position from true geometry.   The geometric tolerance is, in essence, the width or diameter of tolerance zone within which a surface or axis of hole or cylinder can lie which results in resulting feature being acceptable for proper function and interchangeability.

If a tolerance of form is not specified on a drawing for a feature, then the feature as made will be acceptable regardless of form variation.   The tolerances of form control straightness, flatness, parallelism, angular displacement etc. etc.

The tolerance zone will be one of the following:
• The area within a circle
• The area between two circles
• The area between two equidistant lines or between two parallel straight lines
• The space within a cylinder
• The space between two coaxial cylinders
• The space between two equidistant surfaces or two parallel planes
• The space within a bent pipe

Tolerance Frame with Symbol identifications

Indication of datum

Supplimentary Symbols

Tolerance Frame Variations

The tolerance frame can be divided into two or more compartments.
These compartments include from left to right

The symbol for the feature to be toleranced The tolerance value..If the tolerance zone is circular or cylinderical it is preceded with a    Letters for datums when the toleranced feature is specified in relation to one, or more datums.

When multiple datums are referenced in the tolerance box they are indicated as below:

Maximum Material Indication in Tolerance Frame

The maximum material condition, when used, is indicated by a symbol placed after the tolerance value, after the datum letter, or both.

See the figures below: 

Additional Frames- Notes

If a single frame cannot convey sufficient information it is acceptable to stack additional frames and/or provide additional notes..

Positioning of Frames /Datum triangles

The datum triangle is placed on a feature or on an extension of the outline ( but clearly separated from the dimension line) when the datum feature is the line or surface itself

The datum triangle is place on the extension of a dimension arrow when the datum feature is the axis or medium line.
When two datums are indicated they relate to the common axis of the two features
The datum triangle can replace a dimension arrow if there is not enough room.

The datum can be located on the axes or median line when 

The axis or median line is clearly for a single feature The axis or median line is clearly formed by two features

Autocad Shortcuts Key

ALT+F8        VBA Run
ALT+F11      VBA Editor
CTRL+1        Properties Palette
CTRL+2        DesignCenter Palette
CTRL+3        Tool Palette
CTRL+4        Sheet Set Manager Palette
CTRL+5        Info Palette
CTRL+6        DBConnect Manager
CTRL+7        Markup Set Manager Palette
CTRL+A        Selects objects in drawing
CTRL+B        Toggles Snap
CTRL+C        Copies objects to Clipboard
CTRL+SHFT+C    Copies objects to Clipboard with Base Point
CTRL+D        Toggles coordinate display
CTRL+E        Cycles through isometric planes
CTRL+F        Toggles running object snaps
CTRL+G        Toggles Grid
CTRL+H        Toggles PICKSTYLE on/off
CTRL+J        Executes last command
CTRL+K        Hyperlink
CTRL+L        Toggles Ortho mode
CTRL+M        (No action)
CTRL+N        Creates a new drawing
CTRL+O        Opens existing drawing
CTRL+P        Prints current drawing
CTRL+Q        Exit
CTRL+R        Cycles layout viewports
CTRL+S        Saves current drawing
CTRL+SHFT+S    Saveas
CTRL+T        Toggles Tablet mode
CTRL+V        Pastes data from Clipboard
CTRL+SHFT+V    Pastes data from Clipboard as Block
CTRL+X        Cuts objects to Clipboard
CTRL+Y        Repeats last action
CTRL+Z        Reverses last action
CTRL+[        Cancels current command
CTRL+\        Cancels current command
F1    Displays Help
F2    Toggles text window on/off
F3    Toggles OSNAP
F4    Toggles TABMODE
F5    Toggles ISOPLANE
F6    Toggles COORDS
F7    Toggles GRIDMODE
F8    Toggles ORTHO MODE
F9    Toggles SNAP MODE
F10    Toggles POLAR
F11    Toggles OTRACK
3A      3DARRAY
3DO   3DORBIT
3DW   3DWALK
3F       3DFACE
3M      3DMOVE
3P       3DPOLY
3R       3DROTATE
A         ARC
AC      BACTION
ADC    ADCENTER
AA      AREA
AL      ALIGN
3AL    3DALIGN
AP      APPLOAD
AR      ARRAY
-AR    -ARRAY
ATI     ATTIPEDIT
ATT    ATTDEF
-ATT -ATTDEF
ATE     ATTEDIT
-ATE   -ATTEDIT
ATTE   -ATTEDIT
B          BLOCK
-B       -BLOCK
BC       BCLOSE
BE       BEDIT
BH      HATCH
BO      BOUNDARY
-BO    -BOUNDARY
BR       BREAK
BS        BSAVE
BVS      BVSTATE
C          CIRCLE
CAM    CAMERA
CH       PROPERTIES
-CH     CHANGE
CHA    CHAMFER
CHK     CHECKSTANDARDS
CLI       COMMANDLINE
COL     COLOR
CO       COPY
CP        COPY
CT        CTABLESTYLE
CYL      CYLINDER
D          DIMSTYLE
DAL      DIMALIGNED
DAN      DIMANGULAR
DAR      DIMARC
JOG       DIMJOGGED
DBA      DIMBASELINE
DBC      DBCONNECT
DC        ADCENTER
DCE      DIMCENTER
DCO     DIMCONTINUE
DDA      DIMDISASSOCIATE
DDI        DIMDIAMETER
DED       DIMEDIT
DI           DIST
DIV         DIVIDE
DJL          DIMJOGLINE
DJO         DIMJOGGED
DL           DATALINK
DLI          DIMLINEAR
DLU        DATALINKUPDATE
DO          DONUT
DOR        DIMORDINATE
DOV        DIMOVERRIDE
DR           DRAWORDER
DRA        DIMRADIUS
DRE         DIMREASSOCIATE
DRM        DRAWINGRECOVERY
DS           DSETTINGS
DST         DIMSTYLE
DT           TEXT
DV           DVIEW
DX           DATAEXTRACTION
E              ERASE
ED            DDEDIT
EL             ELLIPSE
ER             EXTERNALREFERENCES
EX             EXTEND
EXIT          QUIT
EXP           EXPORT
EXT           EXTRUDE
F                FILLET
FI               FILTER
G              GROUP
-G            -GROUP
GD             GRADIENT
GR             DDGRIPS
H               HATCH
-H             -HATCH
HE             HATCHEDIT
HI              HIDE
I                 INSERT
-I                -INSERT
IAD            IMAGEADJUST
IAT             IMAGEATTACH
ICL             IMAGECLIP
IM               IMAGE
-IM             -IMAGE
IMP             IMPORT
IN               INTERSECT
INF             INTERFERE
IO               INSERTOBJ
J                  JOIN
L                LINE
LA             LAYER
-LA           -LAYER
LAS           LAYERSTATE
LE             QLEADER
LEN           LENGTHEN
LI               LIST
LO             -LAYOUT
LS              LIST
LT              LINETYPE
-LT           -LINETYPE
LTS            LTSCALE
LW             LWEIGHT
M               MOVE
MA            MATCHPROP
MAT          MATERIALS
ME             MEASURE
MI              MIRROR
ML             MLINE
MLA          MLEADERALIGN
MLC          MLEADERCOLLECT
MLD          MLEADER
MLE           MLEADEREDIT
MLS           MLEADERSTYLE
MO            PROPERTIES
MS             MSPACE
MSM          MARKUP
MT             MTEXT
MV             MVIEW
O               OFFSET
OP             OPTIONS
ORBIT        3DORBIT
OS              OSNAP
-OS            -OSNAP
P                 PAN
-P               -PAN
PA               PASTESPEC
PE                PEDIT
PL                PLINE
PO               POINT
POL             POLYGON
PR                PROPERTIES
PROPS         PROPERTIES
PRE              PREVIEW
PRINT          PLOT
PS                 PSPACE
PSOLID        POLYSOLID
PTW             PUBLISHTOWEB
PU                PURGE
-PU              -PURGE
PYR              PYRAMID
QC               QUICKCALC
QCUI            QUICKCUI
R                   REDRAW
RA                REDRAWALL
RC                RENDERCROP
RE                 REGEN
REA              REGENALL
REC              RECTANG
REG              REGION
REN              RENAME
-REN            -RENAME
REV               REVOLVE
RO                ROTATE
RP                 RENDERPRESETS
RPR               RPREF
RR                 RENDER
RW                RENDERWIN
S                    STRETCH
SC                 SCALE
SCR               SCRIPT
SE                  DSETTINGS
SEC                SECTION
SET                SETVAR
SHA               SHADEMODE
SL                  SLICE
SN                 SNAP
SO                 SOLID
SP                  SPELL
SPL                SPLINE
SPLANE        SECTIONPLANE
SPE                SPLINEDIT
SSM               SHEETSET
ST                  STYLE
STA               STANDARDS
SU                 SUBTRACT
T                   MTEXT
-T                -MTEXT
TA               TABLET
TB                TABLE
TH               THICKNESS
TI                 TILEMODE
TO               TOOLBAR
TOL             TOLERANCE
TOR            TORUS
TP               TOOLPALETTES
TR               TRIM
TS               TABLESTYLE
UC              UCSMAN
UN              UNITS
-UN            -UNITS
UNI             UNION
V                 VIEW
-V               -VIEW
VP                DDVPOINT
-VP              VPOINT
VS                VSCURRENT
VSM             VISUALSTYLES
-VSM           -VISUALSTYLES
W                  WBLOCK
-W                -WBLOCK
WE                WEDGE
X                   EXPLODE
XA                XATTACH
XB                 XBIND
-XB               -XBIND
XC                XCLIP
XL                XLINE
XR                XREF
-XR            -XREF
Z                  ZOOM

Job Responsibilities ( Draughtsman / Draughtperson /Drafter )

1.       Learn

·         Learn the technique of study drawings.

·         Learn the technique of discussion

2.       Discuss

·         Discuss with other drafter/senior drafting /drafting coordinator/engineer

3.       Drawings

·         Prepare fabrication and standard drawing assigned by engineer/ senior drafting/ drafting coordinator.

4.       Bill of Materials

·         Learn to prepare B.O.M

5.       Checking drawing  +  Bill of Materials

·         Learn to check your own drawings.

6.       Revise

·         Revise drawings besed on the comment.

7.       Save drawings

·         Save drawing progressively.

·         Save the latest at the end.

8.       Revise

·         Do a revision once the job is completed

Black and Gold Paint Competition

All season long you have been telling us how much our honest, open relationship with you, our fans, has made all the difference to your season, and now we are taking this one step further by offering you the chance to help to design our 2011 livery.

As you will already know we have announced that our cars will be running in a black and gold livery  for 2011, evoking many memories of some of the most beautiful Formula One™ cars of all time,  and we want your help to bring the black and gold bang up to date for next season.

You can enter as many ideas as you like and the winner will be joining us on track in Valencia in February 2011 to see our 2011 car in action in the new livery for the first time.

To enter your designs, simply download the JPEG file of our car by clicking the 'Download Car Image' link on the right and use that as a template for your best ideas for a black and gold design. Send digital copies of your designs to livery@lotusracing.my and the very best of luck!

*Entrants must be 18 years and above, other terms & conditions apply as well

Black and Gold Paint Competition Terms and Conditions
---

General Terms

1. This contest is open to all applicants over the age of 18 years.
2. Entries must be received from the 15^th of November 2010 until the 5^th of December 2010.
3. In order to be eligible to win, entries must be sent to livery@lotusracing.my before the 5^th of December 2010, with entrants providing a full name and contact number.
4. Contestants should email entries in with an attachment of a JPEG or PDF of their design, based on the template provided under the contest page.  You confirm that any entry you submit will be your original work and not copied from any source in whole or in part.
5. Attachment size should not be larger than 5 megabytes in size. 1Malaysia Racing Team UK will not be held responsible for any entries not received either due to attachment size or for any other reason.
6. By sending in your design, you hereby agree that should you be chosen as a winner,  you hereby assign all rights for all purposes throughout the world in the design and that you waive all moral rights in such design and so that without limitation 1Malaysia Racing Team shall be entitlled to use and, as it sees fit, use such livery without further payment than the prize below.
7. 1Malaysia Racing Team UK reserves the right not to use the selected winner's livery.

Prize

1. 1Malaysia Racing Team UK will select ONE winner for this competition, with the final decision solely resting with the team.
2. Winner will receive flights, accommodation, and be a VIP guest at 1Malaysia Racing Team UK's testing session in Valencia 2011.
3. This prize is not transferable to cash or any other forms of monetary gain.

Concept design car air conditioner

Flybrid Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS)

 

Flybrid® Flywheel Tech

All Flybrid® products use the same, proven and patented, high-speed flywheel technology. Rotating at up to 60,000 RPM the very small flywheel can store enough energy to make a significant impact on vehicle performance and emissions.

This technology allows a range of features unmatched by the competition:

•    High power capability
•    Light weight and small size
•    Long system life

o    At high depths of discharge

o    Over a wide temperature range
o    On severe stop start duty cycles

•    Rugged and reliable

o    Fully supported bearing design resists processional torque
o    Bearings outside the vacuum can be cooled and lubricated

•    Completely safe

o    Patented containment technology
o    No retained charge in the workshop
o    Safe for emergency service workers after an accident

•    A truly green solution

o    High efficiency storage and recovery
o    Low parasitic losses
o    Low embedded carbon content

For racing applications the technology offers additional benefits over alternative battery based hybrid systems

•    Easy transportation around the world by air
•    No special pit equipment required
•    No special support staff required

The original Flybrid Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS)

The original Flybrid Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS) was a small and light device designed to meet the FIA regulations for the 2009 Formula One season.

The key system features were:

• A flywheel made of steel and carbon fibre which rotated at over 60,000 RPM inside an evacuated chamber
• The flywheel casing featured containment to avoid the escape of any debris in the unlikely event of a flywheel failure
• The flywheel was connected to the transmission of the car on the output side of the gearbox via several fixed ratios, a clutch and the CVT
• 60 kW power transmission in either storage or recovery
• 400 kJ of usable storage (after accounting for internal losses)
• A total system weight of 25 kg
• A total packaging volume of 13 litres

The layout of the device was tailored exactly to meet the customer's requirement resulting in a truly bespoke solution that fitted within the tight packaging constraints of a F1 car. 

CFT KERS

The Flybrid® CFT KERS is a new high-speed flywheel based Kinetic Energy Recovery System for racing car and mainstream automotive application. This is the first true 2nd generation KERS to come to market and represents a step change in size, weight and cost for this green technology of the future.

A complete Flybrid CFT KERS for Formula One capable of 60 kW and 400 kJ per lap weighs less than 18 kg and a plan view section fits on an A4 piece of paper.

The CFT KERS is suitable for both racing and road car application and scales down well to small power outputs and small storage quantities such as would be required for a B class car. Most importantly the CFT KERS promises to be very low cost in mass production and could open up a whole new market for small, ultra efficient yet low cost hybrid cars.

FLYWEEL CAPACITOR

This is a high-speed flywheel based energy storage system for electricity that offers the key advantages of mechanical systems together with the flexibility of electrical connection. An electric motor generator is connected to the flywheel allowing a DC voltage to be stored or recovered.

The electrical power is used to spin up the flywheel and when the power is turned off the flywheel continues to spin. To recover the power as electricity the motor generator is used to generate electricity thus slowing down the flywheel.

Flybrid have built and tested a 530 kJ, 60 kW storage system that weighs just 27 kg. This system is designed for vehicle mounted short-term storage applications and has been developed in conjunction with Magneti Marelli Motorsport. 

ROAD CAR SYSTEM 

Flybrid Systems have been working with a number of OEM car makers including Jaguar Cars to develop flywheel hybrid systems for road cars. Based on the original Flybrid Formula One KERS device these systems feature a fully mechanical drive using a CVT but have evolved to better meet road car requirements and now feature:

• A design life of 250,000 kms
• Low cost in volume manufacture
• Optimised CVT design for high efficiency at low power levels
• Bespoke Flybrid developed vacuum, oil and hydraulic pumps to reduce parasitic losses
• Powerful clutches to allow launch of the vehicle from rest under flywheel power alone with the engine turned off
• Fully automatic control systems that react to normal vehicle control pedal movements and require no additional inputs from the driver

These are full hybrid systems capable of kinetic energy recovery but also able to store energy when the vehicle is not braking in order to optimise the engine operating efficiency. Using optimised strategies CO2 and fuel consumption savings of over 20% are possible on the NEDC cycle and more than 30% is possible in real world conditions.

These CVT based systems are the most developed Flybrid products and the closest to realising volume production. Flybrid expect to start supply of these systems in volume during 2013.

- Source flybridsystems